tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-36657387356625377002024-02-06T20:28:53.854-08:00Discover - Turbo C & Turbo C ++This site is designed to help anyone learn how to program in C programming language easily.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3665738735662537700.post-12035944762093897362008-07-13T06:44:00.001-07:002008-07-13T15:36:18.629-07:00THE CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://images25.imikimi.com/image/images_full/87353225.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://images25.imikimi.com/image/images_full/87353225.gif" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://imikimi.org/link/link_through/87353225%27%3E%3Cimg%20alt=" i="" miss="" you="" so="" judiths="" world="" border="0" src="http://images25.imikimi.com/image/images_full/87353225.gif"><br /></a><span style="font-size:78%;"><a target="_top" href="http://imikimi.org/link/link_through/87353225" title="Celebrate 7/4 - 4th of July!"><br /><span style="font-size:78%;"></span></a><span style="font-size:78%;"><a target="_top" href="http://imikimi.org/link/link_through/87353225" title="Celebrate 7/4 - 4th of July!" border="0" alt=""></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQbTSACwJ6RiW9VbRD3XtMn5rpvlQ2snWmu0exUVWGE-a8CNVDbiBPb7LIENPHtycqBiwno7-Wge1tKPPVE9TMXtjM6fZEUTfGIRMma0ZBFfzi1nZfyrUB9I9Qf3IcxGgaicGzyMThLOtt/s1600-h/conditional1.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; 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display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPK0zEZZpYKoPTIZGUm84ahUVZnQlDnO8FPDC6gmpk-1opXPukoLiyD1gdUICfMQVJSyeDYyXUShV2hAZhSQLOpp9qFb2fJiVnZql73uVwFASTN31Um0epiXG10w4IWgRgBOhPHIFsutBz/s320/conditional5.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5222497314995268082" border="0" /></a><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEMZ23oGcmdgmdUZg-RxtA1o9qePWGEx8PUum8UAQ7z9ZK_GbR1D6-CoImCwFtJdWbjiUB0wN6TNBihB_dcGp-ISqAJE-7QLHydiT6m595RH5h2XTaMq9kWTg22-l8TiCAr_p8RByEFDYz/s1600-h/conditional6.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEMZ23oGcmdgmdUZg-RxtA1o9qePWGEx8PUum8UAQ7z9ZK_GbR1D6-CoImCwFtJdWbjiUB0wN6TNBihB_dcGp-ISqAJE-7QLHydiT6m595RH5h2XTaMq9kWTg22-l8TiCAr_p8RByEFDYz/s320/conditional6.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5222497198660723954" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3665738735662537700.post-26627029148935494632008-07-13T05:51:00.000-07:002008-07-13T06:39:40.920-07:00THE TURBO C ENVIRONMENT<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="http://images52.imikimi.com/image/images_full/87358752.gif"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer; width: 320px;" src="http://images52.imikimi.com/image/images_full/87358752.gif" alt="" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><p:colorscheme style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(51, 51, 255);" colors="#FFFFFF,#000000,#808080,#000000,#BBE0E3,#333399,#009999,#99CC00"></p:colorscheme><span style="font-weight: bold; color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">FOUR PARTS OF TURBO C ENVIRONMENT</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;">1. MAIN MENU</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br /><br />The main menu contents or options instructs Turbo C to do something as indicated in the list of menu.</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz-dihpByksFRWr080DTQPBMT-vfjvR9-X1aTOiPypHA6zF76-mqUEIb5WJ99iA5MtnjBMd7eU4aiRmqlUkZys4_WufZDKlzlHPRGNy4_pVRdo4azWvL4OkxA64YRyHHfo8J7-j94xcOCu/s1600-h/mainmenu.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjz-dihpByksFRWr080DTQPBMT-vfjvR9-X1aTOiPypHA6zF76-mqUEIb5WJ99iA5MtnjBMd7eU4aiRmqlUkZys4_WufZDKlzlHPRGNy4_pVRdo4azWvL4OkxA64YRyHHfo8J7-j94xcOCu/s320/mainmenu.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5222490575197686882" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">BASIC MENUS OF TURBO C</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />A. FILE</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">File menu is used to "load and save files, handles directories, invokes DOS and exits Turbo C".</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;">SUBMENUS UNDER FILE MENU</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />a. LOAD<br /></span></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Load command enables the user to select a file to be opened or loaded into the editor.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />b. PICK</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Pick command enables the user to select a file based on the last nine files previously opened or edited.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">c. NEW </span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />New command lets the user edit a new file or start new programs</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />d. SAVE</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Save command store or saves the file currently in the editor.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />e. WRITE TO</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Write to command enables the user to save a file using a different filename.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />f. DIRECTORY</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Directory command displays the content of the current working directory.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">g. CHANGE DIR </span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Change dir command enables the user to specify the defined path to change the default path or directory.</span><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br />h. OS SHELL</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />OS Shell command loads the DOS command processor and lets the user execute DOS commands.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;"><br /><br />i. QUIT<br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Quit command lets the user to exit or quit Turbo C</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;">B. RUN</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Run menu is used to "compile (check for errors), links, and runs the program currently loaded in the environment.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /><br />C. COMPILE</span><br /></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);"><br />Compile menu is used to "compile the program currently in environment".</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /><br />2. EDITOR STATUS LINE AND EDIT WINDOW<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMw5J9arizwKskouEjb-MqFBTTdnhh11nR1iI4RNlW35dQNgGym-cYf86uGAcLCGhTcoQpLdfnXy6Rssknk3hxhD3AmP0u0Ju5a4rLboFZUPnKCDAu7A1R_50kutPKsNi2Moo8-GXw3qrf/s1600-h/editwindow.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMw5J9arizwKskouEjb-MqFBTTdnhh11nR1iI4RNlW35dQNgGym-cYf86uGAcLCGhTcoQpLdfnXy6Rssknk3hxhD3AmP0u0Ju5a4rLboFZUPnKCDAu7A1R_50kutPKsNi2Moo8-GXw3qrf/s320/editwindow.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5222491376027414306" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;"><br /></span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Editor status line and edit window is the place in Turbo C where you type your program and where you see the current line and column of the text you typed.</span><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;">3. MESSAGE WINDOW</span><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8G7AuZcxN966txICDNbX7TcYqZgbvk2sqskg4nY3CzU0xZM74Jz1VUZbaDyagZtx0vMwGc2SZRP1OZuBhIG9vfjTGtcrHee7wP6qQ0rgL_ofpWE1LsrTyyOD3RslXtIWT_uBxLkowCDZe/s1600-h/messages.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8G7AuZcxN966txICDNbX7TcYqZgbvk2sqskg4nY3CzU0xZM74Jz1VUZbaDyagZtx0vMwGc2SZRP1OZuBhIG9vfjTGtcrHee7wP6qQ0rgL_ofpWE1LsrTyyOD3RslXtIWT_uBxLkowCDZe/s320/messages.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5222491586326878882" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Message Window is located beneath the middle of edit window and hotkeys. It is used to displays various compiler or linker messages.</span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;"><br /><br /><br />4. HOT KEYS<br /><br /></span><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjALsEM2roSlGU_12wtk6qF-S5pCtYaOcrZugoNo3hO2q6vcxLDXzDaxrRQQJpTeN1Pij4tNecv2w9dkw2AVPUmXJDAbgHgzogRxvKBsw_9uizGJ7HElntRr7K9KfEwkeZ-_VTc-8XUYcXY/s1600-h/hotkeys.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjALsEM2roSlGU_12wtk6qF-S5pCtYaOcrZugoNo3hO2q6vcxLDXzDaxrRQQJpTeN1Pij4tNecv2w9dkw2AVPUmXJDAbgHgzogRxvKBsw_9uizGJ7HElntRr7K9KfEwkeZ-_VTc-8XUYcXY/s320/hotkeys.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5222491783550054066" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153); font-weight: bold;"><br /></span> <span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 153);">Hot keys is located at the bottom of the Turbo C's opening screen. It refers to shortcut or shorthand for selecting a menu. Two sets of hotkeys are available: the normal and the alternate set.</span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3665738735662537700.post-88852967322051288612008-06-15T02:23:00.000-07:002008-06-15T04:15:11.033-07:00Introducing...TURBO C<b style=""><u><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);"><br /><br /><span style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">TURBO C DEFINED</span></span><o:p style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"></o:p></u></b> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style=""><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style="">Turbo C 2.0</span></u><span style=""> is a popular version of the C programming language, designed for IBM personal computers and compatibles.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="">The Turbo C package contains two interrelated sets of tools – the LANGUAGE and the DEVELOPMENT ENVIRONMENT:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style="">The C language</span></u><span style=""> provides the operations, instructions, and commands that you use to build your own programs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style="">The Turbo C development environment</span></u><span style=""> is a collection of menus, windows, and useful features that simplify the process of creating C programs.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="">Turbo C was a Borland IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and compiler for the C programming language.<span style=""> </span>It was introduced in 1987 and was noted for its IDE, small size, speed, manuals and low price.<span style=""> </span>It was replaced with Turbo C++ in May 1990.<span style=""> </span>In 2006, Borland reintroduced the Turbo moniker.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><u>HISTORY OF C LANGUAGE<o:p></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><span style=""> </span></b><span style="">In the year 1970, Ken Thompson developed B language, a successor of BCPL (Basic Command Programming Language).<span style=""> </span>BCPL was developed by Martin Richards.<span style=""> </span>To boost B’s power, Dr. Dennis Ritchie invented<span style=""> </span>the C programming language at AT&T Bell Laboratories, New Jersey, U.S.A.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="">At first, C was under UNIX environment, it stands for CPL (Combined Programming Language) also called SPL (System Programming Language).<span style=""> </span>After C creation it took almost six years before it became popular, thanks to Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie for introducing their book called “THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE”.<span style=""> </span>Because of this book C was known by many people when they read and learned the usefulness of the language.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="">C is a middle-level language, combining the power of low-level language (like Assembly Language) and the elegance of high-level language (like Pascal).<span style=""> </span>It can directly manipulate the bits, bytes, and the computer hardware memory addresses.<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><span style="">C language reserved words are case sensitive and therefore should be written in lower case.<span style=""> </span>It has 32 keywords, 27 of which came from Kernighan and Ritchie, the remaining 5 is from ANSI Standardization Committee.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><u>POINTERS TO REVIEW:<span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style=""><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></u></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style="">KEN THOMPSON</span></u><span style=""> – developed B language in the year 1970.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style="">Martin Richards</span></u><span style=""> – developed BCPL (Basic Command Programming Language).<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style="">Dennis Ritchie</span></u><span style=""> – invented the C programming language at AT & T Bell Laboratories, </span><st1:state><st1:place><span style="">New Jersey</span></st1:place></st1:state><span style="">, U.S.A in early 1970s.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><u><span style="">Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie</span></u><span style=""> – created a famous book called “THE C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE” after then the C language become popular.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><u><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><u>VERSION HISTORY<span style="display: none;">INTERS TO REVIEW:<span style=""> </span><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><u><span style="display: none;">me from Kernighan and Ritchie, the remaining 5<span style=""> </span>is fromanguage) and the elegance of high-level </span><o:p></o:p></u></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b>VERSION 1.0<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The first integrated edit-compile-run development environment for C on IBM PCs developed on <st1:date year="1987" day="13" month="5">May 13, 1987</st1:date>.<span style=""> </span>It was bought from another company and branded with the “Turbo” name, as Wizard C by Bob Jervis.<span style=""> </span>It was known as Turbo Pascal, at this time it did not have pull-down menus, until released of version 4 in late 1987 to make it look more like Turbo C. <span style=""> </span>It can run in 387KB of memory and allows inline assembly.<span style=""> </span></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 255);">TURBO C 1.0 START UP SCREEN</span><o:p></o:p></b></p> <a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigY0clMD6_Owv_HrGweGj0j6F7Tgqg-qdtJLMA-J5lEsaK1jvpX-hg2BckGIu50sIR3Dk3u5EfcaHp71LqeWqGjLIWw2UDDzMCYII1KWBGwYtQh_1pIHqHu5zKrxZ-vv2yhKAwGtfKG2O-/s1600-h/turboc1.0.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 524px; height: 282px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigY0clMD6_Owv_HrGweGj0j6F7Tgqg-qdtJLMA-J5lEsaK1jvpX-hg2BckGIu50sIR3Dk3u5EfcaHp71LqeWqGjLIWw2UDDzMCYII1KWBGwYtQh_1pIHqHu5zKrxZ-vv2yhKAwGtfKG2O-/s320/turboc1.0.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5212039188845226226" border="0" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style="">VERSION 1.5<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">It has more sample programs, improved manuals and bug fixes developed on January 1988.<span style=""> </span>It was introduced on five 360KB diskettes of uncompressed files with sample C programs, including mcalc (stripped down spreadsheet).<span style=""> </span>This version uses <conio.h>, a header file that provide fast PC-specific console I/O routines.<o:p></o:p></conio.h></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style="">TURBO C 1.5 START UP SCREEN<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Y0YKLtrk3x1M-LTUEyvsIewODhj6s_h4Yu9Ev5wjhMfM5gL_D3aVxSRvO7yp_vXTfeEOFbc752Zw9QuOQvH6qxhwUHxXoVPJ6UlT7peC_DmdZrdPnRcKKeBLVHlVwaiSLFcDzFx9gJD-/s1600-h/turboc1.5.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 490px; height: 314px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Y0YKLtrk3x1M-LTUEyvsIewODhj6s_h4Yu9Ev5wjhMfM5gL_D3aVxSRvO7yp_vXTfeEOFbc752Zw9QuOQvH6qxhwUHxXoVPJ6UlT7peC_DmdZrdPnRcKKeBLVHlVwaiSLFcDzFx9gJD-/s320/turboc1.5.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5212039633380723890" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><br /></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style="">VERSION 2.0<o:p></o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">The first “blue screen” version released by American in late 1988.<span style=""> </span>The American release did not have Turbo Assembler or a separate debugger. <span style=""> </span>It was sold together as professional suite of tools which includes Turbo C, Asm, and Debugger.<span style=""> </span>Another release featured Turbo Debugger, Turbo Assembler and graphics library.<span style=""> </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><b style="">VERSION 2.0 START UP SCREEN</b></p><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1_blWrCwYXwjKWVl_x6kwaGPNB7DQvTxqxn8f8AThtWbXdytyh7OqFm9Tt4ahUImhQd8mF4LMf0Yigw-JKu2P93_6idGqVveN58YDEf_M_JFUor0mNCKLkiE3kumyJnVOh2BTSQM0LxSi/s1600-h/turboc2.0.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 498px; height: 258px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1_blWrCwYXwjKWVl_x6kwaGPNB7DQvTxqxn8f8AThtWbXdytyh7OqFm9Tt4ahUImhQd8mF4LMf0Yigw-JKu2P93_6idGqVveN58YDEf_M_JFUor0mNCKLkiE3kumyJnVOh2BTSQM0LxSi/s320/turboc2.0.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5212039950827389010" border="0" /></a><a style="color: rgb(153, 51, 153);" onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3Y0YKLtrk3x1M-LTUEyvsIewODhj6s_h4Yu9Ev5wjhMfM5gL_D3aVxSRvO7yp_vXTfeEOFbc752Zw9QuOQvH6qxhwUHxXoVPJ6UlT7peC_DmdZrdPnRcKKeBLVHlVwaiSLFcDzFx9gJD-/s1600-h/turboc1.5.JPG"></a><p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /></p><br /><p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><br /><b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p style="text-align: justify; color: rgb(153, 51, 153);">Please take note that the name “Turbo C” was used after version 2.0, it is because Turbo C and Turbo C++ (1990) were folded into a single product.<span style=""> </span>The next version was named Borland C++ eventually reappearing as Turbo C++ 3.0. There was never a 2.0 of the Turbo C++ product series.</p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3665738735662537700.post-76182182804664562008-06-07T21:34:00.000-07:002008-06-07T23:50:49.747-07:00Preparatory Lesson to Turbo C & Turbo C++ (FLOWCHARTING & ALGORITHM)<b style=""><span style="color:blue;"><br /><br />Programming</span></b><span style="color:blue;"> is a very challenging and simple task but it is easier if you prepare yourself by learning its logic and environment.<span style=""> </span>Part of the preparation is to study flowcharting and algorithm.<o:p></o:p></span> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;">FLOWCHARTING & ALGORITHM<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">Flowcharting</span></b><span style="color:blue;"> in computer programming is a diagram that shows the sequence of actions representing the logical flow of operations in a process.<span style=""> </span>It is the step-by-step <span class="sensecontent">progression through a procedure using connecting lines and a set of conventional symbols. <span style=""> </span>It is also considered as the blueprint of the program and a schematic representation of an algorithm or a process.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">Algorithm</span></b><span style="color:blue;"> in computer programming is a finite set of instructions that shows the logical sequence of steps to be carried out in order to solve a specific problem, often written out as a flow chart that can be translated into a computer program.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;">FLOWCHARTING BASIC SYMBOLS<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;">TERMINAL – marks the beginning and end of flowchart.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4uNU4VroOMQy9M_yQF9gvQ3-5-ycyXjsP55HBQ-R8HNKXOAQ9ynadQ7QZ1OyNJWYuT-CEwCT8_zgIk0NfgNh2kEbs_Fggpu4zY4VPf5K3NBQ_Cn6DQTAHPiJnqTHcuTSqMkjALQ0UeYof/s1600-h/terminal.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4uNU4VroOMQy9M_yQF9gvQ3-5-ycyXjsP55HBQ-R8HNKXOAQ9ynadQ7QZ1OyNJWYuT-CEwCT8_zgIk0NfgNh2kEbs_Fggpu4zY4VPf5K3NBQ_Cn6DQTAHPiJnqTHcuTSqMkjALQ0UeYof/s320/terminal.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209391513947433154" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;">PREPARATION/INITIALIZATION – used to prepare data or select initial conditions.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVBwxrp8TmFEFhL79ZsBfO4h7hSydlnYXSdxLcwF4oWXFUIetywfkWyVJJW0QV5KM31qHIhxCOwPVv3VvwPE0DZi6USUkxeV6Gi5H9DZ0Um90nzCMK2EVrmuLYMaQbMGAsU7UlzQMhqzfc/s1600-h/initialization.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVBwxrp8TmFEFhL79ZsBfO4h7hSydlnYXSdxLcwF4oWXFUIetywfkWyVJJW0QV5KM31qHIhxCOwPVv3VvwPE0DZi6USUkxeV6Gi5H9DZ0Um90nzCMK2EVrmuLYMaQbMGAsU7UlzQMhqzfc/s320/initialization.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209391929922873330" border="0" /></a><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;">INPUT/OUTPUT – display input (data read into computer memory by an input device) <span style=""> </span>and output (data passed from computer memory by an output device)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMpC7nGsPqU7cI2G9z7W988hPOJs3oEaT40SGFqJZ9o2FA9zX5Smjtl-4zudjGi7mOeJ8ZAmzzZyvh0qfAHeCjlzLrEUXw4S1Xq6Hg3hxFNV_ho6Hk9fDdr-nJq2W0uSJrHttrhUzX3YUn/s1600-h/inputoutput.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMpC7nGsPqU7cI2G9z7W988hPOJs3oEaT40SGFqJZ9o2FA9zX5Smjtl-4zudjGi7mOeJ8ZAmzzZyvh0qfAHeCjlzLrEUXw4S1Xq6Hg3hxFNV_ho6Hk9fDdr-nJq2W0uSJrHttrhUzX3YUn/s320/inputoutput.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209392244100631138" border="0" /></a><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;">PROCESSING – carry out any calculations that are to be done</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXewt4Q5smFsvVG0J_51XIPl6ywAnE75Qios6jfVRrkH_hb2fM1wsmQEoj2esn7tcxPvhtVcT2JmMMvhVbzKLVT0bGGKXa1PChlx5IrhXcyXaW3h0ozKtb_9GtPzHE9biBvODj2I_QywM/s1600-h/processing.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinXewt4Q5smFsvVG0J_51XIPl6ywAnE75Qios6jfVRrkH_hb2fM1wsmQEoj2esn7tcxPvhtVcT2JmMMvhVbzKLVT0bGGKXa1PChlx5IrhXcyXaW3h0ozKtb_9GtPzHE9biBvODj2I_QywM/s320/processing.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209392594549878354" border="0" /></a><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;">DECISION – used when decisions are to be made by using alternatives execution</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH8dBeF3HOwrb8nk7a090_pYycOECTdkH6ri9i0GZxQlTJA5BZvuZvC0RmUvgW3MZ3d8ADm2nimeV5zQSgHeNiEMDeFg6pYyEY5S_M_RId9HtuRsSoHUoOZXblv16tvG149QyFmrG-07G6/s1600-h/decision.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH8dBeF3HOwrb8nk7a090_pYycOECTdkH6ri9i0GZxQlTJA5BZvuZvC0RmUvgW3MZ3d8ADm2nimeV5zQSgHeNiEMDeFg6pYyEY5S_M_RId9HtuRsSoHUoOZXblv16tvG149QyFmrG-07G6/s320/decision.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209392861350407250" border="0" /></a><br /><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p>ON-PAGE CONNECTOR – used to connect one part of a flowchart to another within the page and it also shows the entry or exit point of the flowchart.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQVxzRkniUBO5ZfGoIR74mFUCRzxU2gUr4t7LOwe2lbl7pwZQmNGy9gLKH9HhAOLzFyyTubshHFBwrCXReY9kLTj8Tqqv6fVSirD79Ay_x-4mDEzIs2xdPbMwHNQoTDUkCau9mhwmiVSBr/s1600-h/onpage.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQVxzRkniUBO5ZfGoIR74mFUCRzxU2gUr4t7LOwe2lbl7pwZQmNGy9gLKH9HhAOLzFyyTubshHFBwrCXReY9kLTj8Tqqv6fVSirD79Ay_x-4mDEzIs2xdPbMwHNQoTDUkCau9mhwmiVSBr/s320/onpage.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209393116516210210" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;">OFF-PAGE CONNECTOR – used to connect one part of a flowchart from one page to another page.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKEUvumbNTdMspP0_L-mm8ilDBanhGRnQ9pqEJpkzFsv6UhrWFna_PVKrjJuvY1O2Ce67WPYZJArtxdtLf5tyZblEqNON9lPJtqnUbrHkUzQu9mfILYH1aMMUAyMta5PO8_ZuUZCB29QV1/s1600-h/offpage.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKEUvumbNTdMspP0_L-mm8ilDBanhGRnQ9pqEJpkzFsv6UhrWFna_PVKrjJuvY1O2Ce67WPYZJArtxdtLf5tyZblEqNON9lPJtqnUbrHkUzQu9mfILYH1aMMUAyMta5PO8_ZuUZCB29QV1/s320/offpage.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209393861292998546" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;">ARROW LINE - shows the process that is to be executed next<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGBojE-SdK1quSPwW5NEUCKr9QBYheq09HsYEkZGNAThGg4n5eGeo6VSIqlic6PPNRXWfQ2COs2lBnhuqruCoxVuA_nR0PzLgwleVQXwWmF3EZaZmB91lyWWl7Z1e8hzjDRkDf0S5Ff9Kb/s1600-h/arrowline.JPG"><img style="margin: 0px auto 10px; display: block; text-align: center; cursor: pointer;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGBojE-SdK1quSPwW5NEUCKr9QBYheq09HsYEkZGNAThGg4n5eGeo6VSIqlic6PPNRXWfQ2COs2lBnhuqruCoxVuA_nR0PzLgwleVQXwWmF3EZaZmB91lyWWl7Z1e8hzjDRkDf0S5Ff9Kb/s320/arrowline.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209394189176332578" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;">FLOWCHARTING BASIC CONTROL STRUCTURES<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color:blue;"><span style="">1.<span style=""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color:blue;">SEQUENCE – a control structure wherein the course of action is executed in a straightforward manner – See examples below:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHgwjqqhGAn36qDu4yvCQssU8AkU_t1XPxMWuO6p6KUu1Micls3G_e3_GgdlBw0F_w0teCF4jtLz9r410K676JwyBK4TNNidD8_NLqLmkiGi1VhEhAL8w4D2Hg9GBPJBmtP-LzHwMoOMF1/s1600-h/sequence.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 419px; height: 399px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHgwjqqhGAn36qDu4yvCQssU8AkU_t1XPxMWuO6p6KUu1Micls3G_e3_GgdlBw0F_w0teCF4jtLz9r410K676JwyBK4TNNidD8_NLqLmkiGi1VhEhAL8w4D2Hg9GBPJBmtP-LzHwMoOMF1/s320/sequence.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209395028914679522" border="0" /></a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""><br /></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpsK_1fxBycXFbgPpsYOGOJEoAdHZ6q7YYQk6mwYVuM2MSo_fb4xIHcTq8HM6FOmcYdi343Z5bC0YUcj_ivOZ0yj_PUo4TaaZpTQFLZELO4BxgTvyNdJM_uV8pVWNPfclevqcAYFfBugxK/s1600-h/sequence2.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 450px; height: 465px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpsK_1fxBycXFbgPpsYOGOJEoAdHZ6q7YYQk6mwYVuM2MSo_fb4xIHcTq8HM6FOmcYdi343Z5bC0YUcj_ivOZ0yj_PUo4TaaZpTQFLZELO4BxgTvyNdJM_uV8pVWNPfclevqcAYFfBugxK/s320/sequence2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209395772833879250" border="0" /></a></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="color:blue;"><span style="">2.<span style=""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color:blue;">SELECTION (IF-THEN-ELSE) – <span style=""> </span>a control structure wherein the course of action has a choice between two alternatives - See example below:</span></p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgizTNeF6QHpnV9bqavKpsBKGwqkFEI-_HqxkkwBtiaWUEbLhSxLxnsZYEHlB23hq-Z3n9aanMYe_WlLaAvdPshDURF3wPP5egLoLibYgah-NPKekY27tOataT7UT1UOY-_l2VSbhlbYK78/s1600-h/sequence2.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 455px; height: 519px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgizTNeF6QHpnV9bqavKpsBKGwqkFEI-_HqxkkwBtiaWUEbLhSxLxnsZYEHlB23hq-Z3n9aanMYe_WlLaAvdPshDURF3wPP5egLoLibYgah-NPKekY27tOataT7UT1UOY-_l2VSbhlbYK78/s320/sequence2.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209396303250374722" border="0" /></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color:blue;"><span style="">3.<span style=""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color:blue;">REPETITION (LOOPING) – a control structure wherein the course of action has a repetitive execution of an operation as long as the condition is true, otherwise, control flows out of the structure.<span style=""> </span>Also known as DO-WHILE structure. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">EXAMPLE:</span></b><span style="color:blue;"> Construct a flowchart that will count from 1 to 10 and print each number counted using the do-while repetition structure. Use A as variable for the number to be counted. <span style=""> </span>Write its equivalent algorithm.</span></p><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWbhT1gFEsiFgMsOkeKDS2BFWGEEllXzvOIS8e2OC5jgYok7Xjuu0qyp4yB2WvsFJ1YtEP8EcgHnikoXMO81BNaTiXimZnoirlQtB4hxBZ1EAC0eXHuTDL4yywMBxwOgDgXTtrfFLhpPAQ/s1600-h/repetition.JPG"><img style="margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; float: left; cursor: pointer; width: 464px; height: 605px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWbhT1gFEsiFgMsOkeKDS2BFWGEEllXzvOIS8e2OC5jgYok7Xjuu0qyp4yB2WvsFJ1YtEP8EcgHnikoXMO81BNaTiXimZnoirlQtB4hxBZ1EAC0eXHuTDL4yywMBxwOgDgXTtrfFLhpPAQ/s320/repetition.JPG" alt="" id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5209396693167945026" border="0" /></a><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br /><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;"><br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:navy;">OPERATORS COMMONLY USED IN FLOWCHARTING<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">OPERATORS<span style=""> </span>MEANING<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">1. ARITHMETIC OPERATORS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><o:p> </o:p></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">+<span style=""> </span></span></b><span style="color:blue;"> addition<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color:blue;">-<span style=""> </span> subtraction<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color:blue;">*<span style=""> </span> multiplication<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="color:blue;">/<span style=""> </span> division</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">2.<span style=""> </span>RELATIONAL OPERATORS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span> =<span style=""> </span>equal<b style=""><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span> > <span style=""> </span>greater than<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span> < <span style=""> </span>less than<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span> < ><span style=""> </span>not equal<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span><u>></u><span style=""> </span>greater than or equal to<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span><u><</u><span style=""> </span>less than or equal to</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><b style=""><span style="color:blue;">3.<span style=""> </span>LOGICAL OPERATORS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span> &&<span style=""> </span>AND<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span> ||<span style=""> </span>OR<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><span style=""> </span> !<span style=""> </span>NOT</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;">TEST YOURSELF<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;">Applying the lessons you have learned in this site, do the following exercises:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color:blue;"><span style="">1.<span style=""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color:blue;">Construct a flowchart that will convert an inputted number in Fahrenheit to its equivalent measure in Celsius. Use variable C for Celsius and F for Fahrenheit then Celsius for the output. Write its equivalent algorithm.<span style=""> </span>(Clues: Formula: C=(5/9) x (F-32); use sequence control structure)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color:blue;"><span style="">2.<span style=""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color:blue;">CBC Manufacturing Company plans to give a year-end bonus to each of its employee. Draw a flowchart which will compute the bonus of an employee. Consider the following conditions:<span style=""> </span>If the employee’s monthly salary is less than 5,000 pesos, the bonus is 75% of the salary; for employees with salaries greater than 5, 000 pesos, the bonus is 2,500 pesos.<span style=""> </span>Print the name and the corresponding bonus for each employee.<span style=""> </span>Use variable B for bonus, S for salary, and N for name. Write each equivalent algorithm. (Clue:<span style=""> </span>use selection control structure)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color:blue;"><span style="">3.<span style=""> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color:blue;">The initial value of the radius of a circle is equal to 1 unit and each succeeding radius is 1 unit greater than the value before it.<span style=""> </span>Draw a flowchart to compute the Area of a circle starting with R = 1 up to R = 10, then print each radius and the corresponding area of a circle.<span style=""> </span>Use variable R for radius and A for the area of the circle. <span style=""> </span>Write the algorithm. (Clue:<span style=""> </span>use repetition control structure)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /><span style="color:blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color:blue;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:navy;">NOTE</span><span style="color:blue;">: If you are not sure of your answer or if you have any question about the topic feel free to email me.<span style=""> </span>Please check my profile for contact details.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com